TST Research history
Overall available physiotherapy, medical and psycological research papers show:
- Children with neurological problems are likely to have abnormal breathing.
- Breathing affects body structure so that abnormal body structure also be related to abnormal breathing.
- Breathing muscles are used as postural muscles therefore weaker posture (including sitting with round shoulders) is a consequence of weaker breathing.
- Breathing muscles are used for speech so that most speech problems also involve breathing abnormalities.
- Breathing affects blood circulation including blood supply to the brain.
- Breathing can be affected by stressful events occurring before or after birth.
In addition, it is noteworthy the theoretical basis for the Scotson Technique (TST) and the studies investigating its value for disabled children have been taken from Ms Scotson’s PhD thesis which was accepted for a postgraduate MPhil/PhD submission by the Institute of Child Health University College London
Linda Scotson’s Viva is planned for the late autumn. Meanwhile Ms Scotson is working on 2 further papers and a Medical Research Council Grant to statistically investigate the effects of TST on disabled children with a view to the approach also being incorporated into mainstream NHS physiotherapy therapy.
Bradford University completed a 3 year MPhil study titled, “An Exploratory study to establish a theoretical base for the Scotson Technique and investigate any potential effects,” by chartered physiotherapist Rachel Sharples (Unpublished, 2005) View Report Here
Some further research is listed below:
Cerebral palsy
Differences of respiratory function according to level of the gross motor function classification system in children with cerebral palsy.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24707090
Differences of the Truncal Expansion and Respiratory Function between Children with Spastic Diplegic and Hemiplegic Cerebral Palsy.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24409037
Abnormal breathing in cerebral palsy
Hardy (1964) No Abstract
Berg & Bejune (1970) No Abstract
Effects of respiratory exercises on the vital capacity and forced expiratory volume in children with cerebral palsy.
Rothman (1978) http://www.ncbi.nim.nih.gov/pubmed/635021
Abnormal speech breathing and CP
Blumberg (1995) No Abstract
Redstone (1991) No Abstract
Pulmonary and chest wall mechanics in the control of respiration in the newborn.
Davis & Bureau (1987) http://www.ncbi.nim.nih.gov/pubmed/3311539
Abnormal breathing and respiratory infections and CP
Respiratory problems in children with neurological impairment.
Seddon & Khan (2003) http://www.ncbi.nim.nih.gov/pubmed/12495971
Respiratory problems in the adolescent with developmental delay.
Toder (2000) http://www.ncbi.nim.nih.gov/pubmed/11060558
Abnormal breathing and co-ordinates swallowing and CP
Ventilation and swallowing interactions of normal children and children with cerebral palsy.
McPherson et al (1992) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1511793
Abnormal breathing and high oxygen consumption in CP
Chest wall kinematics in patients with hemiplegia.
Lanini et al (2003) http://www.ncbi.nim.nih.gov/pubmed/12714347
Diaphragmatic movement in hemiplegic patients measured by ultrasonography.
Cohen et al (1994) http://www.ncbi.nim.nih.gov/pubmed/7940429
Energy cost of walking in children with cerebral palsy: relation to the gross motor function classification system.
Johnston et al (2004) http://www.ncbi.nim.nih.gov/pubmed/14974645
Abnormal breathing and muscular skeletal structure in CP and other brain damaged children
Musculoskeletal and neuromuscular interventions: a physical approach to cystic fibrosis.
Massery (2005) http://www.ncbi.nim.nih.gov/pubmed/16025768
Lung function and pre-birth hypoxia
Developmental plasticity in respiratory control.
Carroll (2003) http://www.ncbi.nim.nih.gov/pubmed/12486025
Long-term effects of the perinatal environment on respiratory control.
Bavis & Mitchell (1985) http://www.ncbi.nim.nih.gov/pubmed/18187608
Neonatal maternal separation and enhancement of the hypoxic ventilator response in rat: the role of GABAergic modulation within the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus.
Genest et al (2007) http://www.ncbi.nim.nih.gov/pubmed/17569732
Breathing and postural control CP, ASD and general
Changes in intra-abdominal pressure during postural and respiratory activation of the human diaphragm.
Hodges & Gandevia (2000) http://www.ncbi.nim.nih.gov/pubmed/10956340
Spinal stiffness changes throughout the respiratory cycle.
Shirley et al (1985) http://www.ncbi.nim.nih.gov/pubmed/12970374
Effects of respiratory-muscle exercise on spinal curvature.
Obayashi et al (2012) http://www.ncbi.nim.nih.gov/pubmed/22104255
Autism and abnormal breathing
Wright (2012) No Abstract on Pubmed
Takashi et al (2000) No Abstract on Pubmed
Autism
Where is the rhythm generator for emotional breathing?
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24746058
Epilepsy
Can slow breathing exercises improve seizure control in people with refractory epilepsy? A hypothesis.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20630807
Epileptic seizures, movement disorders, and breathing disturbances in Rett syndrome: diagnostic relevance of video-polygraphy.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23103540
Developmental delay
Prenatal and perinatal complications: is it the link between race and SES and childhood sleep disordered breathing?
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20572420
Syndromes
Sleep and breathing in Prader-Willi syndrome.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12203850
Cognition
Intermittent hypoxia during development induces long-term alterations in spatial working memory, monoamines, and dendritic branching in rat frontal cortex.